Negative response letter free essay sample

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Elizabeth Film Questions Essay Example

Elizabeth Film Questions Essay Example Elizabeth Film Questions Essay Elizabeth Film Questions Essay Elizabeth’s clip was really complicated. particularly for a lady swayer. Her’s was a clip when the adult females were regarded to be inferior to the work forces. Monarchy was ever about the King. and the Queen was merely regarded as the carrier of the boy. Elizabeth was able to reflect above the remainder by stating them that adult females besides had the capablenesss that work forces had. As a swayer. the rational capablenesss and will to take are needed. Bing a adult male or a adult female is merely a frontage that may be given by people all throughout. Elizabeth’s alone manner slightly gave me the thought that life is so based on the perceptual experience of people. All should be regarded every bit. and that opportunities should be given to others who have non tasted success. Furthermore. Elizabeth neer showed any mark of failing during her reign. and I believe that this is something that others should larn to follow. Decisions in the work force are non ever based on the emotions of people. but on what is right and appropriate. I besides believe that is merely proper for all to populate an unfastened head so that letdowns may be avoided. 9. Elizabeth decided to go married to her occupation. What are the pros and cons of such a pick? Perpetrating wholly to a specific occupation is something that people should larn to take earnestly. At a immature age. Elizabeth decided to go married to her occupation as Queen of England. For this. she had to go forth her personal life behind. and had to prioritise the public assistance of her people above anyone else. Unlike other adult females. Elizabeth executed a ardent bosom that was far different from other adult females her age. As the queen. she led her ground forces during the Golden Age. while the adult females stayed place to provide to the demands of the kids. The pride and award that would come with such action is unreplaceable with any amount of money ; nevertheless. traveling place entirely is another unjust consequence. Since she opted non to get married. she was left entirely with no 1 to turn to in times of griefs. She had to decide her questions entirely. and had to be strong when she was experiencing lowly. 12. If you were queen or male monarch of your organisation what would you make? Make you believe it’s easy to be a sovereign or a Chief executive officer? Why or why non? If I were King. I would choose for a authorities where freedom exists. I do non desire my people to be afraid by my mere presence. nor would they be hindered from aerating their sentiments to me and my authorities. In add-on to this. I besides want to harness a state where love and peace exists. and where others would be happy by the simple things in life. However. I besides want to set a bound on the sort of openness that may be between the authorities and the people. I deem it necessary so that the people would larn to pattern an honest and simple life. Personally. I believe that both places are rather hard to carry through in their ain small ways. However. I would choose to be a CEO than be a King of a land. Work as a Chief executive officer is merely stray to the jobs that may be experienced by a company. as compared to the legion jobs that may be placed on the caput of the King. Each determination that is made by the CEO is geared towards the success and betterment of the company entirely. but may turn the other manner around when placed in the incorrect set of custodies. Regardless of such hindrances. I believe that people should larn to maintain an unfastened head for alteration in order to carry through everything in a more positive note. May it be a King or a Chief executive officer. what is of import is the fact that as swayer. I may be able to carry through my responsibilities geared towards the turbulence of life.

The Globalisation of Logistics & Supply Chains Management Case Study

The Globalisation of Logistics & Supply Chains Management - Case Study Example Economies that have been quite strong up to now show signs of decline. These are mainly the Western countries. On the other hand, BRIC countries have strengthened their position and seem to have potentials for a long term growth. OECD has incorporated a plan for promoting the development of economies worldwide by 2060. Emerging economies are expected to show a rapid rate of growth while Western economies are more likely to have a slow growth, as highlighted in the report of OECD. Under these terms, OECD support that MNEs are expected to change their global strategies so that they are able to respond to the global dynamics, which are based on the swifts of economic power from the countries of the TRIAD towards the BRIC countries. The above issue is explored in this paper. Emphasis is given on the influence of the changes related to global dynamics on the total global strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs), not only for the present but also, mainly, for the future. Academic theories and models that have been developed in this field are presented and analyzed aiming to explain whether MNEs are vulnerable towards the changes occurred in global dynamics internationally. In addition, the various aspects of MNEs are presented, in order to understand the responses of MNEs to global market trends and challenges. The operation of businesses in the global market is closely related to the principles of globalization. In fact, globalization is the framework that sets the rules and the conditions under which firms are able to develop their activities worldwide (Parker 2005). In this context, the understanding of the role and the powers of MNEs requires the understanding of the characteristics of globalization (Parker 2005). In practice, globalization seems to have four key characteristics: ‘a) promotion of global interconnections, b) rapid change, c) different characteristics of participants, both in terms of their number and their

Sound Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sound - Term Paper Example In this essay we are going to access the health effects of sound pollution to the human ear (Roberts, 6). Noise pollution is caused by industrial machines, building machines, motor vehicles, trains, and aircraft. This noise is produced in excess that is harmful to the human ear. Noise pollution has negatively affected the lives of people. There has been a direct link of noise pollution with health. Problems connected with noise pollution includes diseases related with stress like high blood pressure, loss of hearing, interference with speech, disruption when sleeping and lose productivity. The most commonly discussed disease is the Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). Research has shown that constant exposure to high levels of noise can cause numerous unfavorable health effects. (United States Comparative Ranking, 1975. 8) Noise pollution can cause hearing loss, usual auditory function of one’s ears are affected by too much noise. One is considered to have the ability to hear if he is capable of detecting sound within the frequency of 16-20,000 Hz. The diagram below shows how the h uman ear functions. The threshold of audibility or the point at which sounds are barely detectable is shown below. In clinical hearing evaluation, normal hearing falls within a range of 0 to 25 dB of the threshold of audibility. . The capability to hear means being able of detecting sounds within the frequency range of 16-20,000 Hz. The threshold of audibility or the point at which sounds are barely detectable is shown in Figure 2-2. In clinical hearing assessment, normal hearing falls within a range of 0 to 25 dB of the threshold of audibility. To understand more about the effects of sound to our ears, we are going to see the parts of the ear in the diagram below. The outer ear has the auricle or pinna [1] the auditory canal [2]. The pinna of human ear is a residual composition though it may aid in the localization of sound

Business Corporate Strategy (Starbucks in China) Essay

Business Corporate Strategy (Starbucks in China) - Essay Example To go ahead with this task, Starbucks needs to have a detailed customer profile depending on the targeted segments because in general, as a long term strategy, customers are segmented based on their demographics, marketing habits etc. Such an analysis is to be preceded by a detailed analysis of the company, with a Chinese perspective, using some of the following strategic tools. A committed managerial team is headed by Howard Schultz, the present Chairman, who has proved to be a man with a mission. A dynamic person, he known to be full of energy who successfully transformed the US operations to their present proposition. Over time and with experience, Starbucks has developed a sophisticated store-development process based on a six-month opening schedule. This target driven strategy helped the company in opening large number of stores in US and elsewhere. Starbucks has been doing the ground work in China since 1994. Therefore comparing the growth of its operations in other nations, Starbuck could not successfully implement this experience in China and had to be content with relatively modest success. The company has taken little too long in building the foundation. Though Starbucks has shown its commitment to environment and health by maintaining a no-smoking policy, but in this part of the world, people prefer to sit out and chat with a cup of coffee on the table and a cigarette in hand. Opportunities For long China carried the reputation of being the world's greatest opponent of globalisation. But now things are perceptibly different. Today China has transformed itself into a committed member of WTO. Under the globalization, China is a rapidly growing market Though dominantly a tea drinker nation, Chinese consumer is rapidly accepting Coffee as one of the main beverages. According to Euromonitor, total sales of coffee in China has grown by nearly 90% between 1998 and 2003. Estimates for future point out that the market is bound to grow by about 70% in the period 2004-2008. Consumption of coffee has so far been concentrated in big cities only. Now with the establishment of a firm foundation the company can plan out a formidable plan for mediums sized cities and hamlets. Chinese beverages market is still vastly (more than 42%) dominated by Tea drinkers, this leaves enough room for inviting these people

Looking At Womens Sexuality In Cane English Literature Essay

Looking At Womens Sexuality In Cane English Literature Essay The Harlem Renaissance was a time period when the African American art and culture started to thrive. This time period many African American people started feeling more assimilated with American culture then before. The migration from the suppressed south to the north is what ushered in the Harlem Renaissance period. This was also a time where African Americans had let down their inhibitions which in turn paved the way for the culture to come through. Still, many black people had to go through challenging times. Many of the southern blacks had to deal with racial beatings and lynching. The author who really drew a vivid picture of the lives of southern black people was Jean Toomer. Toomer wrote his famous novel Cane at the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance which further inspired other African American artist. In Cane, Toomer uses vibrant imagery of Georgia and symbolism to show the lives of southern black people. His stories Portrait in Georgia and Georgia Dusk mention lynchings th at white people use in attempt to show black people who the powerful race is. Other stories like Song of the Son and Cotton Song echo the past history of slavery. One prominent theme that seems to be relevant in Cane is sexuality, or more prominently black womens sexuality. In the first story Karintha, Toomer tells of a girl who Men had always wantedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦even as a child (Toomer 1). The lust of Karintha at a young age was one so tempting that even older men wished for youth so they would have a chance with her. This changes though when She played home with a small boy who was not afraid to do her bidding (Toomer 1). This line seems to imply that Karintha married a man who could provide certain things to her. Further lines that talk about the old men who remind Karintha of when they use to lust after her, mentions that she Smiles, and indulges them when she is in the mood for it, which supports the idea that Karintha has turned into a prostitute. This is also evident when Toomer explains: The attention given to Karintha was only used for her sexuality. Ultimately, the lust for Karintha dehumanized her existence and The soul of her was a growing thing ripened too soon (Toomer 2). This quote reinforces the idea of Karintha being a prostitute. From these actions it could also be implied that Karintha had a stillborn baby when Toomer writes But Karintha is a woman, and she has had a child. A child fell out of her womb onto a bed of pine-needles in the forest (Toomer 2). At the beginning of this story, Toomer shows the innocence of a young Karintha, he then contrasted that to an older used Karintha. Another story Carma is about a black woman who is strong as any man (Toomer 10). Carmas promiscuous sexuality is what ultimately lands her husband in a chain gang. The story goes on to explain that Carma has an extramarital affair She had others. No one blames her for that (Toomer 11). She might not be blamed for that, but she is blamed after her husband finds out about the affair. This leads to Carma shooting herself to gain more sympathy from him. This does nothing but anger her husband who states Twice deceived, and one deception proved the other, then kills a man next to him (Toomer 11). Toomer portrays Carma as somewhat of a she devil for her promiscuous sexuality that angers her husband who ends up serving his time. Toomer shows the opposite of the sexual promiscuity in the last two stories with Fern. Fern is a black woman whose body is sexualized by other men but she purposefully remains a virgin. While men thought that Ferns eyes said to them that she was easy, really she did not feel obliged to satisfy their needs. Men could not believe that she would not have them and A sort of superstition crept into their consciousness of her being somehow above them. Being above them meant that she was not to be approached by anyone. She became a virgin (Toomer 14). It the story it says that while being a virgin is normal, not wanting to reproduce is not and that black folks were made to mate (Toomer 15). It could be assumed that Fern is portrayed as a Madonna, which would coincide with a line in another one of Toomers stories that mentions a Negress who drew a portrait of a black Madonna on the courthouse wall (Toomer 21). After the narrator spend time with Fern, he breaks down the real Fern who ended up fainting in his arms. The men in the town hear about this and the narrator is given dirty looks because they felt he had in some way threatened their black Madonna. Toomer uses vivid images of the landscape in the story. At the end, he connects Fern with the detailed landscape. Toomers next story Esther, is a about a black girl who looks like a little white child (Toomer 20). Through the story Esther badly wants to associate herself to the black culture but finds it hard because she is lighter and her dad is the richest black person in town. Esther in not portrayed as a black temptress like in the other stories in Cane; she is considered not attractive. Esther dreams of being accepted into the black culture. In one, she dreams there is a fire in the town which could be seen as a metaphor for her desire. When the fire starts the women scoot in all directions leaving Esther with a baby who is Black, signed, woolly, tobacco-juice baby-ugly as sin. Once held to her breast, miraculous thing: its breath is sweet and its lips can nibble (Toomer 22). This can be interpreted as Esther thinking that she needs a dark skinned baby to feel less light skinned. While the people in her dream might see the baby as ugly, she sees it as her bond to darker skin, forgetting her own color. Esther knows that men do not notice her and even says I dont appeal to them. I wonder why (Toomer 22). This is when her obsession with a black man named Barlo begins because it helps her forget she is lighter. She wants to offer herself to Barlo so she will be able to conceive her dark skinned child she had dreamed of, thus becoming more darkened. When Barlo returns to town she seeks to meet him face to face to give her body to him which does not turn out well as he recognizes her lighter skin tone. With the failed disappointment Esther tells herself The thought comes suddenly, that conception with a drunken man must be a mighty sin (Toomer 25). Her dreams to reproduce with Barlo failed, she becomes completely disembodied. At the end of this story, the town disappears along with her dreams. While the men in African American culture tried so hard to get away from the view that white people had, believing black people to be over sexualized beings, Toomer portrayed his black women just as that. While there has been a social stigma surrounding the false belief that African American women are over sexualized, some of the stories such as Karintha, Carma, and Fern do nothing to discredit that belief. Granted, this was not a stronger theme in these stories that lynching or slavery was. That being said, the Harlem Renaissance period was a time when white people had started to notice African American art and Toomer tried to accurately display the real lives of African Americans in Cane.

Traditional Schools versus Charter Schools Essay -- Education

Education is a very important aspect in society and is valued by parents, politicians, educators, and others in the community. The education of children is a vital role in any organized system because the future depends on those who are young to take over in the cycle of society. The institutions that provide children with an education can be divided into two categories known as traditional public schools and nontraditional schools. Nontraditional schools provide students with different learning environments compared to traditional schools and some specific examples of these schools are magnet schools, charter schools, and virtual schools (Newberry). All of these schools are relatively new and have controversial views across the country. A charter school is a public elementary or secondary school that is independent from the local school district and is able to operate due to a state charter that is issued when the institution opens. This type of school lacks various rules and regul ations that are set by the district in traditional schools and allows flexibility and new teaching methods to be used. Each type of school has different benefits that enable the school to function, but there are many arguments that analyze which type of school is more suitable for the education of children across the country. Charter schools have a lot of potential benefits that provide the students with an exceptional education and create satisfaction with the parents in the community. A charter school uses a very unique system to create the foundation of the institution. A charter is issued from the state and is put together by politicians, teachers, and parents in the community. As a result, every charter school is able to invent their own guidel... ...th, Mary. "Public Schools vs. Charter Schools." Education Bug. N.p., 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. public-schools-vs--charter-schools.html>. - - -. "Public Schools Vs. Charter Schools." Education Bug. N.p., 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. public-schools-vs--charter-schools.html>. Newberry, Jennifer. "Understanding Nontraditional Schools: K-State Education Expert Looks at Some Alternatives to Public Schools." K-State Perspective. N.p., Summer 2005. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. webzine/backtoschool/nontraditional.html>. Shilling, Ali. "The New York City Debate." Department of Psychology. Univesity of Michigan, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. finalshilling.356/the_debate__charter_vs._public_schools_in_nyc>.

Analyze the methods used by the one single-party

Analyze the methods used by the one single-party ruler In his successful bled for power. Hitler was a single part state ruler of Germany who had led the Nazis and played undoubtedly the biggest role in starting the Second World War. However, when studying Hitler, it is important to remember he had not always been in control of a large portion of Europe, let alone Germany itself. Thus this paper will explain the methods used by Hitler in his successful bid for power which are political prowess, intimidation, and opportunism. Firstly, Hitter's political prowess will be analyzed for Its strengths and weaknesses in Hitter's coming to power.Hitler used a wide array of propaganda in his coming to power that appealed to all social groups that had been In Germany at the time of his rule. For example, he lobbied his campaign towards married women, big businesses, small businesses, the unemployed, the workers and also the youth. He led many campaigns which appealed to the desires of these grou ps such as promising work for the unemployed, if he was to come into power. These promises that he made to the public had to have been successful because in the November election of 1932, Hitter's Nazis had the biggest party in the Reichstag of approximately 230 chairs.However, that is not to say that his political maneuvers had no fault. His youth policies had not been totally accepted by the children of the Germany, which led to 2 youth uprising which Hitler had to have taken care of. However, his political successes can also be seen in his manipulation of Heidelberg into Initiating Article 48 and commencing emergency decrees to allow Hitler to reign as he pleased as the chancellor without having to listen to the Reichstag, which aided greatly In his consolidation of power.Hitter's strengths as a political figure can also be seen In his great oratorical ablest. Hitler had the ability to evoke passion and Install his truths and beliefs through his passionate and motivating speeches which proved to be essential in his Munich Putsch and his trial for causing the Putsch as he was able to win over a lot of supporters and put Nazism on the map, all through the eloquence and moving power f his speeches. Karl Alluded, an early supporter of Nazism expresses the sheer power of Hitter's speeches in being able to win over any crowd.The successes of this ability can be seen in Hitter's campaigns to win elections in the Reichstag, with no great speeches which were essential in his appointment as chancellor. Therefore, this paragraph shows that Hitter's political deplores was a very effective method In his cry of power as It Is what allowed him to become known to the public and transcend above his competitors. Another method that Hitler used in his bid for power was the method of eloped greatly in his use of intimidation as a method of coming into power.The AS, with the direct orders of Hitler, broke up many communist meetings and the campaigning of his other opponents whi ch scared his opponents from openly going against him as they were too afraid of his secret police to do so. This shows how successful Hitter's use of intimidation must have been in his bid for power. However, Hitler had trouble controlling the AS (who were loyal to Ernst Room), which led to the murder of Ernst Room, which in turn shows Hitter's weakness in being able to control people through his use of fear and intimidation.This action however, caused people to fear Hitler more as he was able to show that he was willing to kill him friend, showing that he would kill anyone standing in his way, which in turn aided his use of fear as a tool to come to power. Therefore, it can be seen that fear and intimidation was a successful tool for Hitler as it stopped his opponents from being able to openly go against him, letting him get to power more easily. Lastly, opportunism will be discussed as a method of Hitter's bid for power. Main examples of Hitter's opportunism in his rise to power are the Great Depression and Germany's economic situation during his rise. The Great Depression was a crash in the stock market of the USA which ended up having repercussions to not only the USA but also to essentially every country USA had been involved in trade with. One of the countries that had greatly depended on the American support had been Germany, as they had been supported financially by the USA through the Dace's Plan and the loans which had kept the crumbling Germany together.However, due to the rash, the loans had stopped and Germany's economy was at crisis once again. Seeing on opportunity, Hitler continued harder with his extremist views and policies, which were now welcomed by the German public who had grown tired of the rule of the Whimper republic and were wiling to looking for solutions through more extremist methods. This new popular support of the Nazis had been further stimulated by the Whimper Republic who had, in fear of another hyperinflation, raised taxes d uring a time when people did not even have enough money to support their basic deeds.Thus, it can be seen that the aggravated campaigning during this time of crisis in Germany had been crucial for Hitler in his rise to power because it was this opportunistic campaigning which earned him approximately 230 chairs in the Reichstag during the 1932 November elections. In conclusion, it can be seen that Hitter's political prowess, intimidation and opportunism had all been relatively successful methods in his bid for power, even though they all have slight weaknesses in how effective they were in achieving his goal of gaining power.

Is beauty best? Highs versus normally attractive models in advertising Essay

Abstract (Summary) Several studies investigating the positive effects of including highly attractive models (HAMs) in advertising have failed to unilaterally support their use. A study explores the differential effects of pairing highly versus normally attractive models with different types of attractiveness-relevant products. Contrary to past research, the results suggest that HAMs are not the most effective choice for all categories of attractiveness-relevant products. The research also explores the method by which the match between model attractiveness and product type influences advertising effectiveness. Results suggest that a match between a model and a product improves ad effectiveness not necessarily through the elicitation of product arguments from model appearance, but instead by heightening perceptions of the model’s expertise about the product.  » Jump to indexing (document details) Full Text (7266 words) Copyright American Academy of Advertising Spring 2001 [Headnote] Several studies investigating the positive effects of including highly attractive models (HAMs) in advertising have failed to unilaterally support their use. This paper explores the differential effects of pairing highly versus normally attractive models with different types of attractiveness-relevant products. Contrary to past research (Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990), the results suggest that HAMS are not the most effective choice for all categories of attractiveness-relevant products. This research also explores the method by which the match between model attractiveness and product type influences advertising effectiveness. Results suggest that a match between a model and a product improves ad effectiveness not necessarily through the elicitation of product arguments from model appearance, but instead by heightening perceptions of the model’s expertise about the product. The inconsistent support for the use of highly attractive models (HAMs) in advertising has led one group of researchers to state that â€Å"physical attractiveness seems to have been granted greater influence than can be supported empirically† (Caballero, Lumpkin, and Madden 1989, p. 21). To better understand these inconsistencies, researchers have explored the importance of a convergence between the product and the message communicated by a model’s image, that is, a model-product type match-up (e. g. , Baker and Churchill 1977; Caballero and Solomon 1984; Joseph 1982; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990; Park and Young 1986; Peterson and Kerin 1977). Although prior research has argued that HAMs are most effectively matched with attractiveness-relevant products (e. g., Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990; Peterson and Kerin 1977), the mixed results from HAM-attractiveness-relevant product match-ups may be because there are different types of attractiveness-relevant products (Bloch and Richins 1992) that may not all be appropriate for use with highly attractive people. Furthermore, much of the past model-product type match-up research has tended to compare HAMs with unattractive models (e. g. , Caballero and Solomon 1984; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990) instead of considering more realistic, normally attractive models (NAMs) as counterpoints. The sparse use of unattractive people in advertising (Caballero and Solomon 1984) and the greater usage of NAMs suggest comparing HAMs with NAMs is more ecologically valid. The purpose of the present research is two-fold. First, the different attractiveness-relevant product types (Bloch and Richins 1992) are incorporated into the model-product type match-up literature, and the types of attractiveness-relevant products that are most effectively paired with HAMs or NAMs are delineated. Because beautiful people may be perceived as having better lives that are free of the problems of normal people (Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994), advertisements for problem-solving attractiveness-relevant products may be more effective if the models are normal looking. Second, this research attempts to determine whether model-product type match-ups influence ad effectiveness either directly, through the elicitation of product arguments from the picture, or indirectly, through his or her perceived credibility. Previous research has explored the effect of model-product type match-up on perceptions of model credibility (Kamins 1990; Maddux and Rogers 1980), product evaluations, purchase intentions, or other measures of ad effectiveness (Caballero, Lumpkin, and Madden 1989; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990). However, the relationship between spokesperson credibility and ad effectiveness (i. e. , product evaluations, purchase intentions) has not been explored under match-up conditions. Literature Review Highly Versus Normally Attractive Models The appearances of HAMs are both idealized and unrealistic and have been called â€Å"haunting images of perfection† (Richins 1991, p. 71). The elements of HAM beauty include a beautiful facial appearance (Richins 1991), as well as thinness (Striegel-Moore, Silberstein, and Rodin 1986). Contrary to these icons of flawlessness, â€Å"normal† attractiveness is defined here as a more average or moderate weight, height, and facial beauty, that is, more representative of a â€Å"real† woman. Normally attractive models are considered attractive but not beautiful in the idealized manner of HAMs. An important difference between HAMs and NAMs is in the attributions made about each. Highly attractive models tend to be associated with the â€Å"what is beautiful is good† stereotype, in that beautiful people are believed to have more positive life outcomes (e. g. , more successful careers, better marriages) and not suffer from the problems of â€Å"normal† people (Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994; Walster et al. 1966). Whereas NAMs are considered to be somewhat attractive, they are perceived to be normal people to whom these more positive life outcomes are not attributed. Problem-Solving Versus Enhancing Products Attractiveness-relevant product types are introduced into the match-up literature to delineate not only those that are best paired with HAMs, but also those that may be best paired with NAMs. A major distinction that can be drawn between types of attractiveness-relevant products is whether the product is associated with a potentially problematic area of life and appearance (Bloch and Richins 1992). One group of attractiveness-relevant products (called problem-solving products) serves to fix or hide beauty liabilities or flaws such as acne or dandruff. Other products (called enhancing products) serve more aesthetic purposes by enhancing beauty (e. g. , jewelry, lipstick, perfume) instead of masking defects. Enhancing products either may be inherently beautiful (e. g. , jewelry) or may enhance beauty through their application to the user (e. g. , lipstick). Regardless of their method of enhancing beauty though, the use of enhancing products is not catalyzed by the existence of a beauty problem. A product’s classification depends on whether the product-related body attribute is perceived positively or negatively (e. g. , a consumer may use mascara either to thicken puny eyelashes or to enhance beautiful eyes). Advantages of Normally Attractive Models? Prior research suggests that the match-up between product type and model beauty may be more important than the models attractiveness alone and that a NAM may sometimes be more effective. Kahle and Homer (1985) demonstrate that a â€Å"well-matched† celebrity endorser for an attractiveness-relevant product should be physically attractive (versus unattractive) to convey information about the quality and benefits of that product. Kamins (1990) findings also indicate that physically attractive (versus unattractive) celebrities are best matched with attractiveness-relevant (versus irrelevant) products. Although these findings do not take into account the advantages of NAMs or recognize the important distinctions between different kinds of attractiveness-relevant product types, both Kahle and Homer (1985) and Kamins (1990) support the importance of matching spokesperson image with product characteristics. Similarly, Baker and Churchill (1977) find that when the product is related to romance (e. g., perfume), men had higher purchase intentions when the female model was attractive. However, when the product was unrelated to romance (e. g. , coffee), male subjects indicated greater purchase intent if the model was less attractive. In a study by Caballero and Solomon (1984), more tissues were purchased when they were paired with an unattractive (versus attractive) model. Although the authors proposed that this response was due to the unusual (for advertising) and perhaps more noticeable nature of the model, an alternative explanation may be that an unattractive appearance may be more convergent with sickness. Consumers may not perceive the HAM as suffering from such mundane problems as an illness that requires tissues, whereas the less attractive model’s more realistic appearance may have made her a more credible spokesperson. HAM Versus NAM Match- Ups Some of the research investigating model-product type match-ups has assessed match-up effectiveness by measuring spokesperson credibility (Kamins 1990; Maddux and Rogers 1980). Two components of spokesperson credibility typically recognized are source expertise and trustworthiness. Expertise refers to the perceived ability of a source to make valid claims, whereas trustworthiness pertains to the believed willingness of the spokesperson to make those claims (Hovland, Janis, and Kelley 1953; Ohanian 1990). Model Attractiveness and Trustworthiness. There is evidence to suggest that NAMs may be perceived as more trustworthy than HAMs because of consumers’ perceived similarity between themselves and the NAMs. Deshpande and Stayman (1994) demonstrate that enhanced identification and similarity with a source can increase perceptions of source trustworthiness. If a woman perceives herself to be physically more similar to a NAM, a greater perceived attitudinal similarity between the receiver and the source may drive the receiver to like the source more (O’Keefe 1990; see also Berscheid 1985; Byrne 1969). A greater liking for the source may influence source trustworthiness positively (e. g. , O’Keefe 1990; Simons, Berkowitz, and Moyer 1970), which may in turn influence the consumer to like and trust the source more. Therefore, H1: NAMs are perceived to be more trustworthy than HAMs. There is no hypothesized relationship or interaction between product type and model condition on trustworthiness. Trustworthiness pertains to a personality trait of the endorser, regardless of the endorsed product. Model Attractiveness-Product Type Match-Up and Model Expertise. Models may be more credible if they either have some physical characteristic that is associated with a product schema or demonstrate some characteristic that indicates that the product has accomplished what it claims, which thus suggests expertise based on experience (Lynch and Schuler 1994). Stemming from their attributions about beautiful people, consumers may believe that HAMs know more about the presentation and elements of a beautiful image, including the kinds of products used to enhance beauty. In addition, HAMs may be perceived as having more experience accentuating beautiful features or surrounding themselves with aesthetic things. Thus, H2: HAMs are perceived to have greater source expertise for enhancing products than are NAMs. Highly attractive models may not be perceived as having the problems that purportedly are solved by problem-solving products (e.g. , Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994) and therefore are believed to have little expertise using such products. Alternatively, consumers may be more likely to believe that a NAM has struggled with and, as evidenced in the ad, â€Å"conquered† the problem using the advertised product. Therefore, NAMs may be more congruous with the schema associated with enhancing products (Lynch and Schuler 1994). H3: NAMs are perceived to have greater source expertise for problem-solving products than are HAMs. Model Attractiveness-Product Type Match-Up and Product Evaluations. If a viewer can convert the visual imagery of an endorser into product information, the model’s image may serve as an argument for product efficacy (Bloch and Richins 1992; Downs and Harrison 1985; Kahle and Homer 1985; Lynch and Schuler 1994; see also Rossiter and Percy 1980). There is general evidence that product arguments may be elicited from pictures (e. g. , Mitchell and Olson 1981) and that, in high involvement situations, pictures containing product-relevant information can strengthen product beliefs and result in more positive product attitudes than can pictures that only influence affect (Miniard et al.1991). If a viewer believes that a model possesses some physical characteristic that indicates the model has improved his or her appearance with the product, then the viewer may believe that the product was responsible for that improvement (Lynch and Schuler 1994). The pairing of an enhancing product and a HAM may serve to reinforce the argument for product quality and efficacy for enhancing beauty by demonstrating the enhancer’s ability to highlight beautiful features (Petty and Cacioppo 1980). This stronger argument for product quality may enhance ad efficacy by improving evaluations of the product and heightening product purchase intentions (Caballero, Lumpkin, and Madden 1989; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990). Therefore, 114: Ads for enhancing products that include HAMs will be more effective than those that include NAMs. Specifically, we expect that ads for enhancing products that include HAMs will result in greater product evaluations and higher purchase intentions than will those ads containing NAMs. With regard to problem-solving products, it might initially appear that a HAM could serve as a more positive argument for a product’s effectiveness. The more beautiful appearance of the HAM (versus NAM) might make the product appear as if it is more effective in heightening the user’s beauty. However, for the efficacy of problem-solving products to be assessed from the model’s photo, the viewer must first believe that the model had a beauty problem prior to product use. Because HAMs are not perceived as having the problems of normal people (e. g., Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994), consumers may not believe that the HAM suffered from a beauty problem that required the use of the advertised product. In contrast, consumers may believe that NAMs are more likely to have experienced beauty problems (e. g. , Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994). According to attribution theory, if an outcome occurs despite the presence of something that might have prevented that outcome (an inhibitory cause), a consumer may give more weight to the cause that is perceived to be responsible for that outcome (the facilitative cause; Kelley 1972). A HAM’s overall appearance might suggest multiple facilitative causes for the model’s superior appearance in the productrelated attribute, and the greater the number of other potential causes for the overall superior appearance, the more the problem-solving product may be discounted as responsible for solving the beauty problem (Kelley 1972). However, a NAMs’ overall typical appearance might suggest that, prior to product use, the appearance of the NAM’s product-related attribute was normal. Because the product (facilitative cause) may be responsible for a beautiful product-related physical attribute in the face of the inhibitory cause of the model’s â€Å"normalcy,† the perceived efficacy of the problem-solving product is augmented. With this improvement in product evaluations and likely improvement in purchase intentions (Caballero, Lumpkin, and Madden 1989; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990), the following hypothesis is offered: H5: Ads for problem-solving products that include NAMs will be more effective than those that include HAMs. Specifically, we expect that ads for problem-solving products that include NAMs will result in greater product evaluations and higher purchase intentions than will those ads containing HAMs. The Mediating Role of Source Credibility Although model-product type match-up effectiveness has measured both spokesperson credibility and other measures of ad effectiveness, such as product evaluations or purchase intentions, no relationship between these two constructs has been examined. Past credibility research has suggested that greater spokesperson credibility (i. e., expertise and trustworthiness) tends to generate greater attitude chane (e. g. , Dholakia and Sternthal 1977; Harman and Coney 1982; Hovland, Janis, and Kelley 1953; Sternthal, Dholakia, and Leavitt 1978). Therefore, any influence that a model-product type match-up may have on spokesperson credibility subsequently might offect product evaluations or other measures of ad effectiveness. Therefore, H6A: Spokesperson expertise will mediate the effects of model-product match-up on ad effectiveness. H6B: Spokesperson trustworthiness will mediate the effects of model beauty on ad effectiveness. Study I Pretests. Two pretests were conducted to select product and model stimuli. The purpose of the first pretest (n=25) was to select two products to represent enhancing products and two to represent problem-solving products. Subjects were asked to categorize a list of products according to the provided definitions of each product type. The two products selected to represent the problem-solving category were acne concealer and acne medicine because of their categorization as problem-solving products (100% and 92%, respectively). With regard to enhancing products, 88% of people categorized lipstick and jewelry as enhancers. Because acne medicine, acne concealer, and lipstick all pertain to the face, the jewelry selected for use as stimuli in this experiment was earrings (i. e. , the only widely accepted jewelry associated with the face). For the second pretest, two judges selected full-color model photographs from popular women’s magazines on the basis of subjective criteria of which photos might represent each model condition. Photos intended to represent NAMs were selected from â€Å"Reader Makeover† issues of the magazines so that, while the physical features of the NAMs were still moderately attractive, the hair and makeup were professionally styled. Two undergraduate classes viewed five photos of NAMs (n=72) while two other classes evaluated five photos of HAMs (n=65). Respondents were asked to complete five questions regarding the beauty and four items assessing the normalcy of the model (all seven-point scales), and each set of items subsequently was summed. The HAM photo was selected on the basis of beauty extremity (M=29. 37) and subjects’ beliefs that she was leading a less-than-normal life (M=13. 31). The NAM photo was selected on a rating of moderate beauty (M=22. 06; p

Free Essays on The Free Press

â€Å"Burke said there were three estates in Parliament, but in the reporters’ gallery yonder there sat a fourth estate more important than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact†¦Printing, which comes necessarily out of writing, I say often, is equivalent to democracy; invent writing and democracy is inevitable†¦Whoever can speak, speaking now for the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenuers or garnitures: the requisite thing is that he have a tongue which others will listen to.† Since the invention of the printing press the mass media’s effect on politics has been hard to understate. Political theories have been born and died in the span of time marked by the evolution of what we now call mass communication. In this time liberal democracy has come to the forefront as the basic theory behind the systems of government now employed by most all western nations . Together democracy, mass communication, or mass media, capitalism, and the entrepreneurial spirit, which comes there from, have sparked the most rapid period of innovation and invention in the history of the world and some of the freest, most open, and politicly legitimate societies ever to exist. In theory then, mass media is not only beneficial to a democratic public sphere; it is quite imperative. Still, the world does not exist merely in theory, and theory and reality often differ. Today’s mass media, as it has evolved, contains many contradictions that hinder its ability to provide â €Å"equal access†¦to sources of information and equal opportunities to participate in the debates from which political decisions rightly flow.† Nonetheless, because today’s mass media exists in a free press environment the media is of great benefit to democracy. At the dawn of political theory it was standard to be... Free Essays on The Free Press Free Essays on The Free Press â€Å"Burke said there were three estates in Parliament, but in the reporters’ gallery yonder there sat a fourth estate more important than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact†¦Printing, which comes necessarily out of writing, I say often, is equivalent to democracy; invent writing and democracy is inevitable†¦Whoever can speak, speaking now for the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenuers or garnitures: the requisite thing is that he have a tongue which others will listen to.† Since the invention of the printing press the mass media’s effect on politics has been hard to understate. Political theories have been born and died in the span of time marked by the evolution of what we now call mass communication. In this time liberal democracy has come to the forefront as the basic theory behind the systems of government now employed by most all western nations . Together democracy, mass communication, or mass media, capitalism, and the entrepreneurial spirit, which comes there from, have sparked the most rapid period of innovation and invention in the history of the world and some of the freest, most open, and politicly legitimate societies ever to exist. In theory then, mass media is not only beneficial to a democratic public sphere; it is quite imperative. Still, the world does not exist merely in theory, and theory and reality often differ. Today’s mass media, as it has evolved, contains many contradictions that hinder its ability to provide â €Å"equal access†¦to sources of information and equal opportunities to participate in the debates from which political decisions rightly flow.† Nonetheless, because today’s mass media exists in a free press environment the media is of great benefit to democracy. At the dawn of political theory it was standard to be...

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Strategic Marketing Project ( Marketing plan for Emarates Airline) - Essay Example nce in those countries which are not being served by other airlines as they have minimal connection to the global transportation network via airlines, Emirates provide services to those countries as well that lack local flag carrier. Although the aviation industry worldwide is shrinking because of strategic alliances among different airlines but Emirates continue to integrate into any kind of alliance as it still believes in serving as an independent carrier. The airline has boldly faced the allegations imposed by the alliance airlines and it is the key area of concern for the airline. It has seeked assistance from the political parties and concerned aviation policymakers to safeguard the independent carriers by making such policies that they are not deprived of serving the destinations which are dominated by the alliance airlines. Despite these allegations, Emirates has to address the issues of rising fuel prices and threat from new entrants i.e. Qatar Airways and Etihad Airways. Hence, Emirates Airline is still providing excellent service to its customers by not changing its pricing policy and still maintaining the low-cost competitive profile. Since the management of Emirates Airline is following everything strategically, the airline has more bright chances of future expansion which will enhance the quality level of the airline’s service. Emirates Airlines is one of the top-ranked and most successful airlines in the world. The largest airline started its operations from Middle East and since then it has played an inevitable role in enhancing the image of United Arab Emirates (UAE). UAE was always considered as the state which has rich supply of oil but now because of Emirates Airlines it has become the best hub for tourists. Minisri reported on Emirates Airlines that it is growing at an accelerating rate within the airline industry and is giving a tough competition to its competitors. According to Minisri, the competitors are concerned about the success of

Entrepreneurship in the global evironment Essay

Entrepreneurship in the global evironment - Essay Example His entrepreneurial prowess is evident from his engineering work and being an inventor of dual cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, roles that have made him allegedly over 1 billion pound rich. Dyson’s idea of vacuum cleaners started back in 1970 when he innovated his first product named the sea truck and later he invented the ball barrow, which resembled a modified wheelbarrow. Dyson faced some challenges in marketing his product in the United Kingdom since no distributor was willing to distribute his product because of fear that his vacuum cleaners would overtake the replacement cleaner bags. He then opted to launch his product in Japan where he made profitable returns and even won the international design fair prize in Japan, in 1991. As a result of manufacturers failing to sell his product, Dyson decided to take that as a challenge and set up his own company in 1993 in a small town named Malmebury. Luckily, in 2005, Dyson’s vacuum cleaners were leading in sales in the Un ited States and employment had increased in Malmebury by 1,200. Indeed, Dyson was awarded with the Queen’s award for enterprise for the outstanding growth and success abroad (Loch, 2008, pp 119,120). According to BBC News (2006), after dyson received a Knighthood, he told BBC that he is an entrepreneur who produces things that people want to buy. He adds that he has failed 5,126 times and has learnt that success alone teaches one nothing, but failures teach someone everything, since when one makes a mistake, he/she learns from that mistake to better on the product. According to BBC News (2006), by then, the company had 1400 staff in the United Kingdom and 4,000 workers placed in Malaysia plants. Therefore, Dyson is the best choice of an entrepreneur, since he has come a long way by putting his innovation into practice, beaten all odds of marketing, and failed numerous times before achieving the best and being contented with his products. Why James Dyson is classified as an en trepreneur According to Bolton (2004, p. 134), â€Å"Dyson is another entrepreneur who has challenged the industry giants with a revolutionary of vacuum cleaner, since his dual cyclone cleaner has a UK market share in excess of 50% and his international sales are prospering.† The main admirable aspect of Dyson as an entrepreneur is that he is always innovative and creative, thus focuses on what the customers want, and he always desires to improve his products. Dyson has also proved to be a risk taker, since he invested his resources on his dream of appropriate vacuum cleaners. Finally, he succeeded and his returns tell it all. Dyson’s idea of a vacuum cleaner started back in 1979 when he was only 31 years of age. At that time, he needed a machine that would separate particles from air. He faced many challenges, one of them being that manufacturers rejected his idea, since they did not want his machine to interfere with the replacement dust bags market. In 2000, Dyson m anaged to launch the dual cyclone cleaner that used battery to operate. He later launched a washing machine with the ability to spin and almost dry clothes. These were some of his achievements after being rejected by other manufacturers (Bolton, 2004 pp 135, 136). Dyson portrays the spirit of a true entrepreneur, since entrepreneurship is about opportunities and risks in business. Successful entrepreneurs usually spot an opportunity especially where others